Is Love Biological or Not?

From a medical perspective, falling in love is based on a whole diversity of biological processes happening in the brain and body. One of the main biological factors that determine whether we will fall in love or not is the release of certain chemicals in the brain, including dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin. 

• Dopamine. Dopamine is a hormone that is related to getting pleasure and reward. Our body releases dopamine every time we have some positive feelings, such as happiness and satisfaction. 
• Oxytocin and vasopressin. These two hormones are involved in social bonding and creating the feeling of attachment.

How do these hormones work?

When we fall for someone, our brain releases a great amount of dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Altogether, these hormones create feelings of euphoria, bonding, and attachment, as well as influence our heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure.

How do we get attracted to someone?

Overall, attraction is a complex notion that is influenced by many factors, such as physical appearance, personality, similarity, proximity, familiarity, and social influence. 

• Physical appearance. There is hardly anyone who would dispute the fact that we pay attention to the appearance of our potential partners. The body shape, facial features, smell, overall attractiveness, and even the clothes and perfume influence our first impression of the person.
• Personality traits. Though we are all looking for particular traits, some things trigger all of us, such as confidence, humor, kindness, and intelligence.
• Similarity. We often choose partners who have similar interests, values, and backgrounds to ours.
• Proximity. It is scientifically proven that we choose partners based on geographical vicinity. We are more likely to fall for someone with whom we spend time or share some territory.
• Familiarity. We are also more likely to fall in love with someone who we already know or someone who knows the people we know well. This factor works a bit like recommendations at work. We are also influenced by the opinions and actions of our peers, so we can get attracted to someone popular or well-liked in our company or community. 

Though many people have their explanations of attractiveness, this complex notion can not always be explained with logic and words. This process often has roots in our subconscious that’s why we can get attracted to someone for reasons we don’t fully understand or can’t explain.

What is the role of sent in love?

Unlike other animals, humans rely less on their sense of smell. However, recent research shows that our noses can identify particular chemical signals in a potential partner. These slight signals combined with other information help us estimate the probability of love interest. 

In addition, the reward system starts to play. If you have a positive experience with someone whose smell you like, your body starts to seek a similar good experience and focuses on finding this smell later as well. 

And what about taste?

All people have particular flavors and breaths. Some people try to hide it using sweets and mints, and this technique even has scientific meaning. Human beings are naturally more attracted to sweet and salty things. Not in vain, sweet things are often associated with romance and dating. Some studies proved that consuming something sweet, say a drink or cake, on a date or while checking the dating app, increases our desire for a potential partner. The brain’s pleasure center is encouraged with a quick dopamine shot, and hence we want to repeat the experience, be it a date or chat. 

How does touch trigger love?

Touching can create a strong feeling of pleasure as it provokes a release of dopamine and oxytocin. Such small things as holding hands and kissing gently can bit by bit build a feeling of love inside. However, if a person feels unsafe, the same touch can vice versa destroy even the small feeling of newborn love. So be careful with respecting the boundaries of your partner. 

Do you believe that love is triggered by body signals or only the matter of heart and soul?

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Neuroscience is a popular and rapidly emerging scientific branch, which deals with the structure or function of the nervous system and brain. Numerous studies in this field shed light on how we feel, think, remember, and even on how we program our lives. Some studies explain even such magical and sophisticated things as love and commitment. Below we want to share the key findings in this domain. 

Love activates the reward system

The reward system is a part of the brain that releases dopamine. This specific neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward. Every time we experience a pleasurable event the reward system is activated. There have been studies that showed how the brains of lovers work when they see their partners. Indeed, the dopamine release made people feel happiness and even euphoria. Brain scans showed that love activates the same areas in our brain as food and strong drugs, like cocaine and opioids, do.

Unfortunately, the reward system also plays against us when we decide to break up. After the end of a relationship, the brain which was already used to rewarding chemicals feels a significant drop in them. This leads to feelings of sadness, anxiety, and withdrawal. There is no partner to stimulate the reward system anymore and we feel emotional pain and longing.

Love relies on the attachment system

The attachment system is part of the brain that is in charge of creating powerful emotional connections between individuals. Thanks to this system, we are able to feel closeness, intimacy, safety, and comfort with other people. 

The attachment system consists of several brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the anterior cingulate cortex. Together they regulate how we react emotionally to other people’s words and feelings. The attachment system defines how we build all types of close relationships, from the bonds with our parents and friends to connections with love partners. As for romantic relationships, the attachment system allows us to build long-term relationships. The levels of satisfaction, conflicts, and stress are way better in couples whose attachment systems work well. 

Love changes the brain structure

Research has shown that long-term, committed relationships bring changes to our brain structure. A long-term relationship (about 25 years) leads to the appearance of more gray matter in the anterior cingulate cortex, insula, and dorsal striatum regions of the brain (compared to single people). The regions affected are responsible for empathy, emotion regulation, and reward processing. In addition, the parts involved in decision-making, empathy, social behavior, and social cognition are also growing in long-term relationships. This means that people get more used to understanding social cues if they manage to maintain a durable relationship.

Love reduces stress and improves health

Some research has shown that people engaged in a happy marriage in general have lower levels of cortisol than singles. Even such simple gestures as holding hands with your lover can reduce stress levels. As a result, you can benefit from stronger immunity and better cognition and reduce the risks of diabetes and obesity.  

Love relies on mirror neurons

Mirror neurons are brain cells that fire both when we perform an action and observe someone doing it. Mirror neurons have a significant role in empathy, social learning, and different social behaviors. These cells are also responsible for the ability to feel connected to another person. Just observing our love partner when he or she experiences some emotion makes us feel the same level of joy, sadness, or anger. This way, we can connect on a deeper level with time. These cells also let us mirror our partner, showing the same behaviors and gestures and this way building trust. While these areas still require a lot of research, there is already enough evidence that mirror brain cells play a crucial role in the ability to create and keep close emotional bonds with other people.

While neuroscience has recently made a lot of advancements in understanding love, there are still many unknown areas to explore. How do you think love is a purely biological phenomenon or is it destined and more metaphysical?

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Advances in Nanomedicine: The Future of Medicine

Nanomedicine is a rapidly emerging field of medicine that focuses on the use of nanotechnology to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. It is a field of research that has been gaining momentum over the past decade, and shows great promise for the future of medicine. With nanotechnology, scientists are able to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular level, allowing for the development of new treatments and therapies that are tailored to a patient’s individual needs.

Nanomedicine can be used in a variety of ways. One of the most promising areas of research is in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to tumor cells, reducing the amount of damage done to healthy cells and increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. Additionally, nanosensors can be used to detect cancer cells in their earliest stages, allowing for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments.

Another area where nanomedicine could have a major impact is in diagnostics. Nanosensors can detect biomarkers in the bloodstream, which can provide valuable information about a patient’s health. This could allow doctors to diagnose diseases faster and more accurately than ever before. Additionally, nanosensors can be used to monitor a patient’s health over time, giving doctors real-time data about their condition.

Nanomedicine also has potential applications in drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs directly to specific parts of the body, allowing for more precise dosing and greater efficacy. Additionally, nanoparticles can be used to target specific cells or tissues within the body, making drug delivery more precise and efficient.

Finally, nanomedicine could revolutionize medical imaging. Nanosensors could be used to create detailed images of organs and tissues at a cellular level, allowing for early detection of disease and providing better information for diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, nanosensors could be used to create 3D images of organs and tissues that provide even more detail than traditional imaging methods.

Overall, nanomedicine offers great potential for improving medical care in the future. It has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment, diagnostics, drug delivery, and medical imaging. Nanomedicine could lead to earlier detection and diagnosis of diseases, more effective treatments, and better outcomes for patients. As research in this field continues to advance, it is likely that nanomedicine will become an increasingly important part of modern medicine in the years to come.

What is Nanomedicine and How Can it Help?

Nanomedicine is a rapidly developing field of medicine that uses nanotechnology to diagnose, treat and prevent diseases. This new technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, with its ability to target specific cells and molecules in the body, as well as its ability to deliver drugs and other treatments directly to the site of disease.

Nanomedicine is based on the idea of manipulating matter on the nanoscale, which is the scale of atoms and molecules. This enables scientists to design particles and devices that are much smaller than any cell in the human body, but still able to interact with them. These particles can be used to detect and diagnose diseases, deliver drugs or other treatments directly to cells, or even repair damaged tissue.

Nanomedicine has a wide range of potential applications, including diagnosing and treating cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, infectious diseases and genetic disorders. For example, nanoparticles can be used to detect cancer cells in the body before they become visible with traditional imaging techniques, allowing for earlier diagnosis and treatment. Nanoparticles can also be used to deliver drugs or other treatments directly to cancer cells, bypassing healthy tissue and reducing side effects.

Nanomedicine also has potential applications in regenerative medicine. Nanoparticles can be used to deliver growth factors or stem cells directly to damaged tissue, which could potentially help to regenerate organs or tissues. This could have implications for treating conditions such as diabetes, heart disease and spinal cord injury.

Nanomedicine is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and significantly improve patient outcomes. It could help diagnose and treat diseases earlier, as well as improve drug delivery and reduce side effects. It could also be used in regenerative medicine to help repair damaged tissue or organs. With further research and development, nanomedicine could become an integral part of modern healthcare in the future.

Nanomedicine: A Revolution in Healthcare

Nanomedicine is a rapidly growing field of research that has the potential to revolutionize healthcare. This revolutionary technology involves the use of nanoscale particles, such as nanorobots, to detect, diagnose, and treat diseases at a cellular level. Nanomedicine has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by providing more accurate diagnoses, treatments that target specific cells, and improved delivery of drugs.

The use of nanorobots in medicine is still in its infancy, but the potential applications are vast. Nanorobots can be designed to detect specific molecules in the body and provide targeted treatments. For example, nanorobots could be used to detect cancerous cells and deliver targeted therapies that would destroy only those cells without damaging healthy tissue. Nanorobots could also be used to deliver drugs directly to specific sites within the body, improving the effectiveness of treatments.

Nanomedicine could also revolutionize the way we diagnose diseases. By using nanorobots to detect small molecules or cells, doctors could diagnose diseases much earlier than is currently possible. This early detection would enable doctors to begin treatment earlier and could potentially save lives.

In addition to diagnosing and treating diseases, nanomedicine has the potential to improve our overall health by preventing disease before it occurs. Nanorobots could be used to monitor our bodies for signs of disease and alert us before symptoms appear. This could enable us to take preventive measures such as changing our diet or lifestyle habits before the disease progresses.

Nanomedicine is still in its early stages, but the potential applications are incredibly exciting. As research continues, nanomedicine may revolutionize the way we diagnose and treat diseases, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes for all.

Applications of Nanomedicine for Cancer Treatments

Nanomedicine is an emerging field that has the potential to revolutionize cancer treatments. It is a type of medicine that uses nanotechnology to diagnose and treat diseases, including cancer. It has the potential to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, as well as improve the effectiveness of cancer treatments.

Nanomedicine is based on the idea of using tiny particles, called nanoparticles, to target and treat cancer cells. The particles can be engineered to carry drugs or other therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells, while avoiding healthy cells. This makes it possible to deliver high doses of drugs and other agents directly to tumors, while minimizing the side effects of traditional treatments.

Nanoparticles can also be used to detect cancer in its early stages. They can be engineered with markers that bind to cancer cells, allowing them to be detected with imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans. This allows doctors to diagnose cancer earlier, when it is easier to treat.

Nanomedicine also has the potential to improve existing treatments. For example, nanoparticles can be used to deliver chemotherapy drugs directly to tumors, allowing for more targeted treatment and reducing side effects. Nanoparticles can also be used to deliver radiation directly to tumors, allowing for more precise treatment with fewer side effects.

In addition, nanomedicine has the potential to develop new treatments that are not possible with traditional therapies. For example, nanomedicine can be used to develop targeted therapies that act on specific molecules or pathways within cancer cells. This could allow for more personalized treatments that are tailored to each patient’s individual tumor.

Nanomedicine is still in its early stages and much work needs to be done before it can be used in clinical practice. But the potential for nanomedicine to revolutionize cancer treatments is real and exciting. In the future, nanomedicine could provide better outcomes for patients with cancer and improve their quality of life.

Harnessing the Power of Nanotechnology for Health Care

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing field of science that has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry. Nanotechnology, which involves manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale, has the potential to create new materials, devices, and systems that are far more efficient and effective than existing technologies. The application of nanotechnology in healthcare has been identified as a key factor in improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

The use of nanotechnology in healthcare can be divided into two main categories: medical devices and drug delivery systems. Medical devices are used to diagnose and treat diseases, while drug delivery systems are used to deliver drugs to specific sites in the body. In both cases, nanotechnology can be used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of these devices and systems. For example, nanoscale particles can be used to increase the surface area of medical devices, allowing them to be more effective at detecting and treating diseases. Similarly, nanoscale particles can be used to increase the potency of drugs, making them more effective at delivering therapeutic benefits.

In addition to medical devices and drug delivery systems, nanotechnology can also be used to develop new materials and systems for use in the healthcare industry. For example, researchers are exploring the potential of using nanostructures to create new types of tissue scaffolds, which could be used to support and promote the growth of healthy cells. Similarly, nanotechnology can also be used to create sensors that can detect changes in biochemical processes within the body, which could be used to monitor patients more effectively.

The potential of nanotechnology in healthcare is immense. By harnessing the power of nanotechnology, researchers are able to develop new materials, devices, and systems that can be used to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. As research into nanotechnology continues to progress, it is likely that we will see even greater applications of this technology in the future. With continued advances in the field of nanotechnology, it is possible that we could see a revolution in healthcare in the coming years.

Using Nanomedicine to Improve Diagnosis and Treatment Outcomes

Nanomedicine has revolutionized the healthcare industry in recent years. Nanomedicine is the use of nanotechnology to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes. It involves the use of tiny particles, usually less than 100 nanometers in size, to diagnose and treat diseases. Nanoparticles can be engineered to interact with cells and molecules in ways that conventional drugs and treatments cannot, allowing for more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatments.

Nanomedicine has been used in a variety of applications, from the diagnosis of cancer and other diseases to drug delivery and gene therapy. In diagnosis, nanomedicine can be used to detect the presence of specific molecules or pathogens in the body. For example, nanoparticles can be used to detect cancer biomarkers in blood or tissue samples. This allows for earlier diagnosis and more accurate prognosis of the disease. In addition, nanomedicine can be used to image organs and tissues, allowing doctors to identify and monitor diseases at a cellular level.

In drug delivery, nanomedicine can be used to deliver drugs directly to their target sites in the body. Nanoparticles can be designed to bind with specific molecules or cells and deliver drugs to them directly, avoiding many of the side effects associated with traditional drug delivery methods. This also allows for more precise dosing of drugs, which can lead to better therapeutic outcomes.

Gene therapy is another area where nanomedicine has been successfully employed. Gene therapy uses engineered nanoparticles to deliver genetic material directly into cells. This allows for the correction of genetic defects or the introduction of new genes, which can be beneficial for treating genetic disorders. Gene therapy using nanomedicine is still in its early stages, but it has shown promise as a potential treatment for some diseases.

Nanomedicine has also been used to create targeted therapies for cancer and other diseases. By designing nanoparticles that specifically bind to cancer cells, researchers have been able to deliver drugs directly to tumor sites without damaging healthy cells. This has allowed for more targeted treatments that are less toxic and have fewer side effects than traditional treatments.

Overall, nanomedicine has revolutionized healthcare by providing more precise diagnoses and treatments for a variety of diseases. Nanoparticles can be designed to interact with cells and molecules in ways that conventional treatments cannot, allowing for more targeted therapies with fewer side effects. In addition, nanomedicine has enabled gene therapy and other novel treatments that were not possible before its development. As nanomedicine continues to advance, it is likely that it will continue to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes for many diseases in the future.

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With augmented reality technology, the real-time image displayed on the screen is combined with the data obtained by fluoroscopy. The possibility of using this technique in endoscopic surgery has been widely discussed. However, despite the potential of this field, it is still very underdeveloped. One of the factors is the lack of integrated systems that do not need to be supplemented and modified in order to be able to work with augmented images.

The software and technical equipment of the Philips system are designed, among other things, to solve this problem as well. The complex is equipped with an X-ray unit and high-resolution optical cameras, and the image displayed on the screen is already undergoing all the necessary processing. Philips devices using augmented reality technology passed the first preclinical tests at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm and at the Medical Center of the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital. According to the findings, published in the journal Spine, the accuracy of the surgeries performed increased by more than 20%.

The developed unit has been highly praised by surgeons. “The new technology gives surgeons the ability to obtain high-quality 3D images of the patient’s spine during surgery and helps plan the optimal course of the intervention. Doctors can place the transpedicular screws more accurately… It is also possible to assess the result of the intervention in 3D directly in the operating room,” commented Dr. Skulason of Landtspitali University Hospital in Reykjavik.

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In addition, several hundred new diagnostic drugs have already been introduced into medical practice. Among the drugs in clinical trials are drugs potentially treating arthritis, cardiovascular disease, cancer and AIDS. Among the several hundred genetically engineered companies, 60% are involved in the development and production of drugs and diagnostics.

"In medicine today, among the achievements of genetic engineering we can highlight cancer therapy, as well as other pharmacological innovations - stem cell research, new antibiotics that target bacteria, treatment of diabetes. It is true that all this is still at the research stage, but the results are promising,"

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In recent years, however, a new method of analysis, liquid biopsy, based on the analysis of nucleic acids in the blood to detect tumor cells or tumor DNA in the blood, has made a furor in medicine. However, it is worth noting that in terms of pathology, the term “liquid biopsy” is inaccurate because it refers exclusively to a molecular analytic method and not to a biopsy in the pathological sense. The method is based on the fact that tumor cells also release genetic information into the blood, which can be examined for changes that occur in the blood only in very small quantities. Therefore, their detection has only become possible due to the development of new methods for highly sensitive nucleic acid detection, such as “digital drop PCR” or “next/next generation sequencing” (NGS). In addition to peripheral blood, namely plasma, urine, stool, pleural or cerebrospinal fluid can be used as liquid biopsy material.

The liquid biopsy method is used in oncology for purposes such as screening, early cancer diagnosis or assessment of metastatic risks. An important area of use of liquid biopsy is also the identification of target structures for therapy, mechanisms of resistance, and tumor monitoring in general.

Tumor monitoring by liquid biopsy is particularly interesting because it allows both the detection of potentially developing recurrent tumors at a very early stage and the deciphering of their possible altered molecular profile. Thus, if resistance mutations occur during first-line therapy, patient survival could theoretically be significantly increased by switching the targeted therapy.

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In addition, complications occur with the classic pacemaker, including infection of the implanted area, displacement of the device, tissue damage, bleeding, and thrombosis. Over the past 5 years, several models have been created to make the device as comfortable and effective for patients as possible.

• In 2015, Israeli scientists proposed using a light-sensitive protein to control rhythm. Using a virus, they injected the algal protein ChR2, which responds to blue light, into the heart cells of experimental rats. It opens ion channels in the membrane in response to the pulse. The experiment showed that the flashes of light can be used to tune the heart rate. However, in order to use ChR2 with the human heart, the problem of light penetration through body tissues must be solved.
• In 2017, researchers from Israel and Canada developed a biological pacemaker using cells that are functionally similar to natural cells that stimulate heart function. They grew them from embryonic stem cells. During the experiment, the transplanted pacemaker cells restored heart rhythm in six out of seven rats.
• In 2019, American engineers developed a generator capable of generating electricity through the contractions of the heart muscle. The current in this case is transmitted to a nearby pacemaker. The developers believe that in the future such a device will make it possible to create a fully autonomous pacemaker that does not require battery replacement.

Statistics and Practice of Pacemaker Use

At least 3 million people around the world live with pacemakers, and about 600,000 devices are implanted in patients each year. In Great Britain alone, 32,902 devices were implanted in 2018-2019 to keep the heart working steadily. Many movie stars, athletes, and politicians live with pacemakers. Cardiomyopathies, bradycardia, heart block, and heart failure can be reasons for the device.

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A nanoparticle with a diameter of 5-100 nm consists of 103-106 atoms. Threadlike and film-like particles may contain considerably more atoms and have even two linear sizes, but their properties remain characteristic of a substance having a nanocrystalline structure. The ratio of linear sizes of nanoparticles allows them to be viewed as one-, two- or three-dimensional (1D-, 2D- and 3D-nanoparticles, respectively). They are usually referred to as nanostructures.

Nanomaterials can be made up of inorganic compounds (metals, carbon derivatives and others) and organic, including natural compounds (proteins, fatty acids, nucleic acids). The latter constitute one of the sections of nanotechnology – nanobiotechnology or biomolecular nanotechnology.

The medical additions of nanotechnology have contributed to the emergence of a new scientific field: nanomedicine. It encompasses such sections as tracking, repairing, constructing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level with the help of engineered nanodevices and nanomaterials, enabling operations from diagnostics and monitoring to the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, restoration of damaged organs, supplying necessary substances to the body.

According to the forecasts of the American association National Science Foundation, the market volume of goods and services using nanotechnology may amount to 1 trillion U.S. dollars in the next 10-15 years. The global market for nanodevices will grow by an average of 28% per year.

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The example of test prosthesis built by 3D printer

3D printing has been used in medicine since the early 2000s, when the technology was first used to make dental implants. Since then, the use of 3D printing in medicine has expanded significantly: Doctors from around the world describe ways to use 3D printing to produce ears, skeletal parts, airways, jawbone, eye parts, cell cultures, stem cells, blood vessels and vascular networks, tissues and organs, new drug forms, and much more.

Using model files for 3D printing provides an opportunity for sharing work among researchers. Instead of trying to reproduce parameters described in scientific journals, physicians can use and modify off-the-shelf 3D models. To that end, the National Institutes of Health established the 3dprint.nih.gov exchange in 2014 to facilitate the exchange of open-source 3D models for medical and anatomical products, non-standard equipment and mockups of proteins, viruses and bacteria.

Neuroanatomical models printed on a 3D printer can be particularly useful for neurosurgeons, providing insight into the most complex structures in the human body, which in principle cannot be obtained based on two-dimensional images.

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Neuroprosthetics or neural prosthetics is a field of biomedical engineering and neurobiology concerned with the development of neural prostheses and their operation. The system was first used to replace sensory and motor functions. And scientists are exploring different options for delivering signals to the nervous system.

Prosthetics researchers are now trying to provide a prosthesis that will feel objects just as well as a real hand, perhaps even better. After all, such a prosthesis can lift objects weighing up to 20 kg!

After a limb is amputated, the motor nerves that controlled it remain in the body. The remaining nerves can be surgically transferred to a small section of a large muscle (this is called reinnervation). For example, to the large pectoral muscle, if we are talking about an amputated arm. As a result, the person thinks that he or she should move the finger. The brain sends a signal to the part of the pectoral muscle to which the nerve that used to go to the fingers is attached. The signal is picked up by electrodes that send the pulse through wires to a processor inside the robotic arm. This is where electromyography helps. This technology records the difference in electrical potentials that occur when a muscle works. It picks up the movement of the reinnervated part of the pectoral muscle, and the signal is then transmitted to the desired part of the prosthesis, and that part moves.

Targeted sensory reinnervation is carried out in the same way. It is needed so that the person can feel touch, heat or pressure with the prosthesis. The procedure is reversed. The surgeon reattaches the remaining sensory nerve to the skin area on the chest. And the sensors on the prosthesis transmit a signal from touch to this very skin area. And the person experiences tactile sensations.

Neuroprosthetics is a global topic for the future. Technology is becoming a reality thanks to the hard work of scientists. Perhaps in the future scientists will develop cognitive implants, making us smarter and stronger… Will we become a cyber society…?

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